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The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| An extensive Delta a-photometric survey of southern B and A type bright stars
Photoelectric photometry of 803 southern BS objects in the Deltaa-system as detection tool for magnetic chemically peculiar (=CP2) starshas been carried out and compared to published spectral types. Thestatistical yield of such objects detected by both techniques ispractically the same. We show that there are several factors whichcontaminate the search for these stars, but this contamination is onlyof the order of 10% in both techniques. We find a smooth transition fromnormal to peculiar stars. Our sample exhibits the largest fraction ofCP2 stars at their bluest colour interval, i.e. 10% of all stars in thecolour range -0.19 <= B-V < -0.10 or -0.10 <= b-y < -0.05.No peculiar stars based on the Delta a-criterion were found at bluercolours. Towards the red side the fraction of CP2 stars drops to about3% for positive values of B-V or b-y with red limits roughlycorresponding to normal stars of spectral type A5. The photometricbehaviour of other peculiar stars: Am, HgMn, delta Del, lambda Boo, Heabnormal stars, as well as Be/shell stars and supergiants shows someslight, but definite deviations from normal stars. Spectroscopic andvisual binaries are not distinguished from normal stars in their Delta abehaviour. The results of this work justify larger statistical work(e.g. in open clusters) employing more time-saving photometric methods(CCD). \newpage Based on observations obtained at the European SouthernObservatory, La Silla, Chile. This research has made use of the Simbaddatabase, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Table 2 is only availablein electronic form via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 orhttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Ca II H and K Filter Photometry on the UVBY System. II. The Catalog of Observations
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995AJ....109.2828T&db_key=AST
| A photometric and spectroscopic search for luminous high latitude stars
Formulas, derived by Arellano Ferro and Mendoza in Paper I (1993), tocalculate Mv, log g, and (Fe/H) were applied to a group of 73A, F, and G stars of high galactic latitude previously classified assupergiant stars. The only star that showed, from data on hand, to beluminous, slightly iron deficient, and out of the galactic plane was BLTelescopii. The remainder of the sample either present controversialresults or are definitively giant or dwarf stars misclassified assupergiants. Thus, if luminous, young stars indeed exist out of thegalactic plane, they are extremely rare.
| Longterm Photometry of Variables at ESO - Part Two - the Second Data Catalogue 1986-1990
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&AS..102...79S&db_key=AST
| Photometry of F-K type bright giants and supergiants. I - Intermediate band and H-Beta observations
Over 1500 observations of 560 bright giants and supergiants of types F-Kare presented and compared to the observations by Gray and Olsen (1991).The present results include intermediate-band which is slightlydifferent from the Stromgren data by Gray and Olsen due to a differentwidth for the v filter. A systematic difference in m(1) - M(1) withdecreasing temperature is noted in the two H-Beta data sets, and thecorrelations are defined.
| Photometry of F-K type bright giant and supergiants. II - Calibration on indices in terms of luminosity reddening and abundance of F-type stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1991AJ....102.1826E&db_key=AST
| The calibration of the Stromgren photometric system for A, F and early G supergiants. I - The observational data
An empirical calibration of the Stromgren uvby-beta photometric systemfor the A, F, and early G supergiants is being derived. This paperexplains the observational program and the photometric reductiontechniques used and presents a catalog of new Stromgren photometry forover 600 A, F, and G supergiants.
| Long-term photometry of variables at ESO. I - The first data catalogue (1982-1986)
This paper presents the catalog of photometric data in the Stromgrensystem obtained during the first four years (October 1982 - September1986) of the Long-Term Photometry of Variables (LTPV) program at ESO.The data are available in computer-readable form.
| Einstein Observatory magnitude-limited X-ray survey of late-type giant and supergiant stars
Results are presented of an extensive X-ray survey of 380 giant andsupergiant stars of spectral types from F to M, carried out with theEinstein Observatory. It was found that the observed F giants orsubgiants (slightly evolved stars with a mass M less than about 2 solarmasses) are X-ray emitters at the same level of main-sequence stars ofsimilar spectral type. The G giants show a range of emissions more than3 orders of magnitude wide; some single G giants exist with X-rayluminosities comparable to RS CVn systems, while some nearby large Ggiants have upper limits on the X-ray emission below typical solarvalues. The K giants have an observed X-ray emission level significantlylower than F and F giants. None of the 29 M giants were detected, exceptfor one spectroscopic binary.
| The early F-type stars - Refined classification, confrontation with Stromgren photometry, and the effects of rotation
The classification for early F-type stars in the MK spectralclassification system presented by Gray and Garrison (1987) is refined.The effect of rotation on spectral classification and ubvy-betaphotometry of early F-type stars is examined. It is found that theclassical luminosity criterion, the 4417 A/4481 A ratio givesinconsistent results. It is shown that most of the stars in the DeltaDelphini class of metallic-line stars are either normal or areindistinguishable from proto-Am stars. It is suggested that thedesignation Delta Delphini should be dropped. The classifications arecompared with Stromgren photometry. The effects of rotation on thedelta-c1 index in the early-F field dwarfs is demonstrated.
| Instrumental effects and the Stroemgren photometric system
The extent to which the use of different photometers can affect resultson stellar color indices was investigated by simultaneously observing asample of widely different stars with several uvby photometric systemsavailable at the ESO, La Silla, Chile. In one instance, the ESO 50-cmtelescope and the four-channel photometer at the Danish 50-cm telescopewere used simultaneously. The reductions were performed separately oneach data set, using a linear color transformation procedure. Theresults agree with theoretical investigations which showed thatsubstantial errors can arise from the nonconformity of passbands. It isemphasized that it is necessary to use separate color transformationsfor various stellar types and classes and for different interstellarreddenings.
| Cepheids and nonvariable supergiants
Photometric parameters for Cepheids in a previous paper are adapted foruse with nonvariable supergiants of similar temperature. The closecorrelation between the abundance and luminosity parameters forclassical, short-period Cepheids (SPC) confirms the nearlydispersionless luminosity temperature relation for these variables. Theassumptions that (1) the C-type variables are transiting the Cepheidtemperature for the first time, (2) the classical SPC are mostlytransiting for the second time, and (3) the long-period Cepheids (LPC)are a mixture of stars transiting for the first to third or fourth timesare found to be consistent with the various correlations of temperatureand luminosity parameters. The nonvariable supergiants with photometricparameters similar to those for the Cepheids are found to haveluminosities consistent with their spectroscopic luminosity class. Few,if any, nonvariable supergiants have temperatures and luminositiessimilar to the LPC.
| Metal abundance and microturbulence in F0-G2 stars and the calibration of the Stromgren m1 index
The strengths of two narrow groups of metal lines are measuredphotoelectrically by means of an echelle spectrometer for 16 F0-G2 giantfield stars and for 12 Hyades main-sequence stars. A model-atmosphereanalysis of these observations and similar observations of main-sequencefield stars observed earlier results in the determination of the metalabundance for 179 stars. In addition, the microturbulence parameter isdetermined for 73 of these stars. The internal accuracy of the resultsis estimated to be plus or minus 0.08 for the logarithmicmetal-to-hydrogen ratio and plus or minus 0.2 km/sec for themicroturbulence parameter. The metal abundances are found to agree verysatisfactorily with values of the logarithmic iron-to-hydrogen ratiodetermined from classical coude spectroscopy regarding both zero pointand scale. It is found that the microturbulence parameter is a functionof the effective temperature and the surface gravity. It increases from1.2 km/sec for solar type stars to approximately 3.0 km/sec for earlyF-type giants.
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