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Improvement of Hipparcos Proper Motions in Declination
More than a decade elapsed after the HIPPARCOS ESA mission (ESA 1997)observations have been collected. This first astronomical satellitemission was less than 4 years long so that 1991.25 is the epoch of theHIPPARCOS Catalogue. Many other projects have checked or improvedHIPPARCOS data. Also, a long series of ground - based opticalobservations of some stars included in HIPPARCOS Catalogue, made withPhotographic Zenith Tubes (PZT) are useful for the task of improving theproper motions of these stars. The ARIHIP Catalogue (after ACT, TYCHO -2, FK6, GC+HIP, TYC2+HIP) is a combination of the HIPPARCOS and someground - based data, and the ARIHIP proper motions are more accuratethan the HIPPARCOS ones. Here we present a new step of our procedure ofcalculation; between PZT data we added the HIPPARCOS position withsuitable weight - the point with the coordinates (1991.25, 0ŭ0)in our case. The method was applied to 202 stars observed at RichmondPZTs in the course of a few decades. The result is better proper motionsin declination for these HIPPARCOS stars, and a good agreement withARIHIP proper motions (we found 128 common Richmond and ARIHIP stars tocheck our result). Also, we present the result for other 74 Richmondstars which are not found in ARIHIP.
| Indications for anti-solar differential rotation of giant stars
Observational evidence of anti-solar differential rotation of K-typegiant stars is presented. Time-series Doppler imaging based on 70 nightsof spectroscopic data was used to derive the spot evolution of thestellar surfaces. The relative differential rotation parameters(α) of the binary stars IM Peg, HD 208472, and HK Lac wereobtained using two techniques, cross-correlation analysis and thesheared-image method. Additionally, two previously published singlegiant stars are revisited and qualitatively compared to recenttheoretical models.
| Kinematics of chromospherically active binaries and evidence of an orbital period decrease in binary evolution
The kinematics of 237 chromospherically active binaries (CABs) werestudied. The sample is heterogeneous with different orbits andphysically different components from F to M spectral-type main-sequencestars to G and K giants and supergiants. The computed U, V, W spacevelocities indicate that the sample is also heterogeneous in velocityspace. That is, both kinematically younger and older systems exist amongthe non-evolved main sequence and the evolved binaries containing giantsand subgiants. The kinematically young (0.95 Gyr) subsample (N= 95),which is formed according to the kinematical criteria of moving groups,was compared with the rest (N= 142) of the sample (3.86 Gyr) toinvestigate any observational clues of binary evolution. Comparing theorbital period histograms between the younger and older subsamples,evidence was found supporting the finding of Demircan that the CABs losemass (and angular momentum) and evolve towards shorter orbital periods.The evidence of mass loss is noticeable on the histograms of the totalmass (Mh+Mc), which is compared between theyounger (only N= 53 systems available) and older subsamples (only N= 66systems available). The orbital period decrease during binary evolutionis found to be clearly indicated by the kinematical ages of 6.69, 5.19and 3.02 Gyr which were found in the subsamples according to the periodranges of logP<= 0.8, 0.8 < logP<= 1.7 and 1.7 < logP<=3, respectively, among the binaries in the older subsample.
| Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XX. The rapidly-rotating single K2-giant HD 31993 = V1192 Orionis
We present two Doppler images from two consecutive stellar rotations ofthe single K2-giant HD 31993. Each Doppler image is reconstructed fromspectra obtained within a single stellar rotation. With its 25-dayrotational period and a radius of ~18 solar radii, HD 31993 isconsidered a very rapidly rotating star and thus allows the applicationof the Doppler-imaging technique, despite the unusually long period. Allmaps reveal 7 isolated, predominantly low-latitude spots with atemperature difference, photosphere minus spot, of just ~200 K. No polarspot or high-latitude activity above, say, +60° is seen. A largewarm feature is detected at high latitude and is believed to be real.These spots act as tracers for a cross correlation analysis and yield aclear signature of anti-solar differential surface rotation, i.e. thepolar regions rotating faster than the equator, with alpha =0.125+/-0.05 corresponding to a lap time of ~200 days. A detailed parameterstudy is carried out to verify the reality of the HD 31993 maps.
| Doppler images of starspots
I present a literature survey of the currently available Doppler imagesof cool stars. The 65 individual stars with Doppler images consist of 29single stars and 36 components in close binaries. Out of the total, 31were observed only once but 12 stars are (or were) being monitored foryears. Each image for each star is identified with the time when it wasobserved, whether photometry was used in the imaging, the inclination ofthe stellar rotation axis, the vsin i, the stellar rotation period, andwhether a polar spot and/or a high-latitude or low-latitude spot wasseen. The type of variable star and its M-K spectral classification isalso listed to identify the evolutionary status. The sample consists of3 classical T Tauri stars, 8 weak-lined T Tauri's, 27 main-sequencestars, 9 subgiants, and 18 giants. The total number of Doppler images is245 as of June 2002.
| Starspot mapping with robotic telescopes
Robotic telescopes for photometry and imaging have been around forseveral years. They have been very valuable to monitor light variationsdue to changing spot patterns on active stars. Two new spectroscopicrobotic telescopes will come online in the near future, one in Tenerifeand one in Arizona. Together with the existing photometric robotictelescopes, these new telescopes make several groups of stars a betteraccessible for surface mapping techniques. One of these groups are starswith long rotation periods, since monitoring of several rotations ofthese stars requires too much telecope time. Another group consists ofstars with rotation periods of (almost) exactly one, two, ... days. The100° separation of the two telescopes makes observations of suchtargets possible in less time, which also means that changes on thesurface can be viewed with higher time resolution.
| Measuring starspots on magnetically active stars with the VLTI
We present feasibility studies to directly image stellar surfacefeatures, which are caused by magnetic activity, with the Very LargeTelescope Interferometer (VLTI). We concentrate on late typemagnetically active stars, for which the distribution of starspots onthe surface has been inferred from photometric and spectroscopic imaginganalysis. The study of the surface spot evolution during consecutiverotation cycles will allow first direct measurements (apart from theSun) of differential rotation which is the central ingredient ofmagnetic dynamo processes. The VLTI will provide baselines of up to 200m, and two scientific instruments for interferometric studies at near-and mid-infrared wavelengths. Imaging capabilities will be made possibleby closure-phase techniques. We conclude that a realistically modeledcool surface spot can be detected on stars with angular diametersexceeding ~ 2 mas using the VLTI with the first generation instrumentAMBER. The spot parameters can then be derived with reasonable accuracy.We discuss that the lack of knowledge of magnetically active stars ofthe required angular size, especially in the southern hemisphere, is acurrent limitation for VLTI observations of these surface features.
| Doppler imaging of stellar surfaces - techniques and issues
The development of Doppler imaging has allowed us to observe stellaractivity on the surface of stars other than the Sun for over a decade.We are now in a position to compare activity on rapidly rotating TTauri, RS CVn and young main-sequence stars and to compare the activityon those, in turn, with that of the Sun. The images produced show somestartling differences between stellar and solar activity. The strengthsand weakness of the Doppler imaging technique must be reviewed regularlyto remind us of what observed features are reliable and of when weshould have doubts. This review is a general survey of the techniqueemphasizing the issue of testing and of potential artifacts withoutattempting excessive detail on variations in application or results. Thedifficulties faced as the technique is extended from images of surfacetemperature or abundance to images that include magnetic information arebriefly surveyed.
| On the feasibility of the detection of differential rotation in stellar absorption profiles
Stellar differential rotation invokes subtle effects on line absorptionprofiles which can be best studied in the Fourier domain. Detailedcalculations of the behavior of Fourier transformed profiles withrespect to varying differential rotation, limb darkening and inclinationangles are presented. The zero positions of the Fourier transform arefound to be very good tracers of differential rotation. The ratio of thefirst two zero positions sigma 2/sigma 1 can beeasily measured and is a reliable parameter to deduce the amount ofdifferential rotation. It is shown that solar-like differential rotation(equatorial regions have larger angular velocity then polar regions) hasan unambigious signature in the Fourier domain and that in certain casesit can easily be distinguished from limb darkening effects. A simpleprocedure is given allowing the determination of the amount ofdifferential rotation by the knowledge of the first two zero positionsof a line profile's Fourier transform alone (i.e., without the need forthorough atmospheric modelling), under the assumption of a linear limbdarkening law with a limb darkening coefficient of epsilon = 0.6.
| Differential Rotation Analysis of six Long-period K-giants
We computed Doppler maps for the stars IL Hya (K0III-IV,Prot=12.9 days), HK Lac (K0III, 24.4 days), HD 218153(K0III,24.96 days), HD 208472 (K0III, 22.6 days), IM Peg (K1III, 24.6 days),and II Peg (K2IV, 6.7 days) based on observations taken at the NationalSolar Observatory (NSO) with the McMath-Pierce main telescope using thestellar spectrograph from October 1996 to January 1997 and, in the caseof IL Hya, also at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) from March toMay 2000. Depending on the rotational period of the star, two (HD218153) to five (II Peg) independent Doppler maps were obtained. Theseconsecutive Doppler maps were cross-correlated, which resulted inccf-maps that show the spot changes on the stellar surface from one mapto the other (typically with a time difference of one to 1.5 stellarrotations). We then tried to fit a solar-like differential rotation law(Ω(b) = Ω0 - Ω1 sin2b) to the cross-correlation function (ccf) to get a quantitative measureof the differential rotation. In this poster, we present the full setof, so far unpublished, maps of our long-term Doppler imaging program onK giants.
| Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XV. A possible detection of differential rotation and local meridional flows on the rapidly-rotating giant HD 218153 = KU Pegasi
Time-resolved Doppler images of the rapidly rotating, but long-period(25 days), giant KU Pegasi show several cool low-to-medium latitudespots as well as an asymmetric polar feature. The average spottemperature is about 700 K below the photospheric temperature of 4700 K.KU Peg is one of the most massive, and currently the most evolved,late-type star with a Doppler image. We obtained two independent imagesfrom two consecutive stellar rotations covering 50 nights with a totalof 43 spectra. From a cross-correlation analysis of the two maps, wedetect systematic longitudinal and latitudinal shifts that wetentatively interpret as latitude-dependent differential rotation andlocal meridional flows, respectively. The differential-rotation patternis more complex than on the Sun, but on average in the sense that thepoles rotate slower than the stellar equator, i.e. in the same directionand also of the same order than on the Sun. The latitudinal shifts areof the order of 0.4° day-1 towards the stellar pole andoccur at longitudes of around 40° and 330°. The residual{Hα } profiles show a stationary emission component at restwavelength and a blue-shifted absorption. The latter suggests an outwardpointed velocity field with a flow velocity of approximately 35 kms-1.
| The Vienna-KPNO search for Doppler-imaging candidate stars. I. A catalog of stellar-activity indicators for 1058 late-type Hipparcos stars
We present the results from a spectroscopic Ca ii H&K survey of 1058late-type stars selected from a color-limited subsample of the Hipparcoscatalog. Out of these 1058 stars, 371 stars were found to showsignificant H&K emission, most of them previously unknown; 23% withstrong emission, 36% with moderate emission, and 41% with weak emission.These spectra are used to determine absolute H&K emission-linefluxes, radial velocities, and equivalent widths of theluminosity-sensitive Sr ii line at 4077 Ä. Red-wavelengthspectroscopic and Strömgren y photometric follow-up observations ofthe 371 stars with H&K emission are used to additionally determinethe absolute Hα -core flux, the lithium abundance from the Li i6708 Å equivalent width, the rotational velocity vsin i, theradial velocity, and the light variations and its periodicity. Thelatter is interpreted as the stellar rotation period due to aninhomogeneous surface brightness distribution. 156 stars were found withphotometric periods between 0.29 and 64 days, 11 additional systemsshowed quasi-periodic variations possibly in excess of ~50 days. Further54 stars had variations but no unique period was found, and four starswere essentially constant. Altogether, 170 new variable stars werediscovered. Additionally, we found 17 new SB1 (plus 16 new candidates)and 19 new SB2 systems, as well as one definite and two possible new SB3systems. Finally, we present a list of 21 stars that we think are mostsuitable candidates for a detailed study with the Doppler-imagingtechnique. Tables A1--A3 are only available in electronic form at theCDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| On X-Ray Variability in Active Binary Stars
We have compared the X-ray emissions of active binary stars observed atvarious epochs by the Einstein and ROSAT satellites in order toinvestigate the nature of their X-ray variability. The primary aim ofthis work is to determine whether or not active binaries exhibitlong-term variations in X-ray emission, perhaps analogous to theobserved cyclic behavior of solar magnetic activity. We find that, whilethe mean level of emission of the sample remains steady, comparison ofdifferent ROSAT observations of the same stars shows significantvariation on timescales <~2 yr, with an ``effective variability''ΔI/I=0.32+/-0.04, where I and ΔI represent the mean emissionand variation from the mean emission, respectively. A comparison of theROSAT All-Sky Survey and later pointed observations with earlierobservations of the same stars carried out with Einstein yields onlymarginal evidence for a larger variation (ΔI/I=0.38+/-0.04 forEinstein vs. ROSAT All-Sky Survey and 0.46+/-0.05 for Einstein vs. ROSATpointed) at these longer timescales (~10 yr), thus indicating thepossible presence of a long-term component to the variability. Whetheror not this long-term component is due to the presence of cyclicvariability cannot be decided on the basis of existing data. However,assuming that this component is analogous to the observed cyclicvariability of the Sun, we find that the relative magnitude of thecyclic component in the ROSAT passband can, at most, be a factor of 4,i.e., I_cyc/I_min<4. This is to be compared with the correspondingbut significantly higher solar value of ~10-10^2 derived from GOES,Yohkoh, and Solrad data. These results are consistent with thesuggestions of earlier studies that a turbulent or distributive dynamomight be responsible for the observed magnetic activity on the mostactive, rapidly rotating stars.
| Starspot photometry with robotic telescopes. UBV(RI)_C and by light curves of 47 active stars in 1996/97
We present continuous multicolor photometry for 47 stars from October1996 through June 1997. Altogether, 7073 V(RI)_c, UBV, and by datapoints, each the average of three individual readings, were acquiredwith three automatic photoelectric telescopes (APTs) at FairbornObservatory in southern Arizona. Most of our targets arechromospherically active single and binary stars of spectral type G to Kbut there are also four pre-main-sequence objects and three pulsatingstars in our sample. The light variability is generally due torotational modulation of an asymmetrically spotted stellar surface andtherefore precise rotational periods and their seasonal variations aredetermined from Fourier analysis. We also report on photometricvariations of gamma CrB (A0V) with a period of 0.44534 days. All dataare available in numerical form. All data are available from CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| A catalog of rotational and radial velocities for evolved stars
Rotational and radial velocities have been measured for about 2000evolved stars of luminosity classes IV, III, II and Ib covering thespectral region F, G and K. The survey was carried out with the CORAVELspectrometer. The precision for the radial velocities is better than0.30 km s-1, whereas for the rotational velocity measurementsthe uncertainties are typically 1.0 km s-1 for subgiants andgiants and 2.0 km s-1 for class II giants and Ib supergiants.These data will add constraints to studies of the rotational behaviourof evolved stars as well as solid informations concerning the presenceof external rotational brakes, tidal interactions in evolved binarysystems and on the link between rotation, chemical abundance and stellaractivity. In this paper we present the rotational velocity v sin i andthe mean radial velocity for the stars of luminosity classes IV, III andII. Based on observations collected at the Haute--Provence Observatory,Saint--Michel, France and at the European Southern Observatory, LaSilla, Chile. Table \ref{tab5} also available in electronic form at CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The age-mass relation for chromospherically active binaries. III. Lithium depletion in giant components
We present a study of the lithium abundances of a sample of evolvedcomponents of Chromospherically Active Binary Systems. We show that asignificant part of them have lithium excesses, independently of theirmass and evolutionary stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that Liabundance does not depend on age for giant components of CABS. Theseoverabundances appear to be closely related to the stellar rotation, andwe interpret them as a consequence of the transfer of angular momentumfrom the orbit to the rotation as the stars evolve in and off the MainSequence, in a similar way as it happens in the dwarf components of thesame systems and in the Tidally Locked Binaries belonging to the Hyadesand M67. Based on observations collected with the 2.2\,m telescope ofthe German-Spanish Observatorio de Calar Alto (Almeria, Spain), and withthe 2.56\,m Nordic Optical Telescope in the Spanish Observatorio delRoque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrof\'\i sica de Canarias(La Palma, Spain)
| Rotational Velocities of Late-Type Stars
A calibration based on the results of Gray has been used to determineprojected rotational velocities for 133 bright stars with spectral typesof F, G, or K, most of which appear in {\it The Bright Star Catalogue}.The vast majority have {\it v} sin {\it i} $\leq$ 10 km s$^{-1}$ and,thus, are slow rotators. With the new calibration, projected rotationalvelocities have been determined for a sample of 111 late-type stars,most of which are chromospherically active. Some of the stars have hadtheir rotational velocities measured for the first time. (SECTION:Stars)
| A Search for Optical Flares in Chromospherically Active Stars
We have surveyed four years of archival UBV photometry of 69chromospherically active stars obtained with the Phoenix-10 automaticphotoelectric telescope in search of optical flares on these stars. Wedemonstrate taht, while flares can be detected in these data, the numberof events observed on evolved stars remains very small. Flares werefound only on UX Arietis, II Pegasi, and AR Piscium. (SECTION: Stars)
| Colour excesses of F-G supergiants and Cepheids from Geneva photometry.
A reddening scale for F-G supergiants and Cepheids is presented.Supergiants with low reddenings or in clusters form the basis of thecalibration. In this sense, it is entirely empirical. The data have beenobtained in the Geneva photometric system. Comparisons with otherreddening scales show no disagreement. The only problem is with Fernie'sscale for Cepheids (1990), where a systematic trend exists. Its originis not clear. It is suggested to extend the number of supergiants withindependently obtained colour excesses in order to test the existence ofa possible luminosity dependence of the calibration. A period-colourrelation for Cepheids is deduced, on the basis of the present reddeningcorrections. It gives strong support for V473 Lyr being a secondovertone pulsator.
| New X-ray sources detected among mild barium and S stars.
We report on the detection by ROSAT of X-rays from the mild barium starHD 165141 (K0III/IIBa1) and from the S stars HD 35155 (S4,1) and HR 363(S3/2). For the S stars, the X-ray flux is attributed to the accretionof the red-giant wind by the white dwarf companion. The strongvariability observed in the X- and UV fluxes on time scales of bothhours and months may be due to irregularities in the accretion rate, orto variable obscuration by cool gas present in the system. In the caseof HD 35155, the absence of ROSAT detection at the phase where eclipsesare observed in the UV and optical domains suggests that part of theX-ray variability may be associated with eclipses of the compactcompanion. HD 165141 is more puzzling since this star seems to share theproperties of RS CVn and barium systems. The properties of the X-raysemitted by this system are typical of RS CVn systems, as is thephotometric period of 35d and the rapid rotation. However, the rapidrotation does not seem to be due to synchronism with the orbital period,as is usually the case for RS CVn systems. The companion appears to be ahot white dwarf rather than a main sequence star, with a long orbitalperiod (~5200d), more typical of barium than of RS CVn systems. Theseconflicting properties could be explained if this particular barium starformed on the giant branch, accreting not only mass but also spinangular momentum. The two giants HR 5692 (G8IIIBa0.3) and HR 6468(G8IIIBa0.6) appear to be coronal X-ray sources. The barium nature ofthese stars is questioned, given their small Ba indices and their normalDDO photometric indices. Moreover, since HR 6468 is a radial-velocitystandard star, it is likely not a binary star as required for bariumstars.
| Lithium abundances in strong lithium K giant stars: LTE and non-LTE analyses
Detailed non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) and LTE analysesare made of two very strong Li K giants, HD 19745 and HD 39853, and ofthe strong Li K giant HD 787. The stronger star HD 19745 has recentlybeen discovered to show very strong Li. These analyses are based on theobservations done at European Southern Observatory (ESO) of theresonance and first secondary Li I lines at 6708 and 6104 A,respectively, and on the UV continua measured with the IUE. The non-LTEeffects found for these stars are large. For the two very strong Ligiants, the non-LTE abundances of Li are much larger than the typicalinterstellar Li abundance, which suggest that this kind of star may be asignificant source of new Li in the Galaxy. We need to understandhowever, how these low-mass and low-rotation stars can produce suchlarge quantities of Li.
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| The active dynamo stars: RS CVn, BY Dra, FK Com, Algol, W UMa, and T Tau
Not Available
| Are the Rotational Axes Perpendicular to the Orbital Planes in the Binary Systems. I. Asynchronous Long-Period RS CVn Stars
We show that only 12 out of 27 analyzed binaries have data good enoughfor reliable determination of iorb and irot. In 4systems (out of these 12) assumption about coplanarity of rotationalequatorial plane and orbital plane is justified. In the remaining casesrotational axes are not perpendicular to the orbital planes(non-coplanar case). The commonly accepted assumption about thecoplanarity of rotational and orbital planes should be revised.
| Evolved GK stars near the sun. I - The old disk population
A sample of nearly two thousand GK giants with intermediate band, (R,I),DDO and Geneva photometry has been assembled. Astrometric data is alsoavailable for most of the stars. The some 800 members of the old diskpopulation in the sample yield accurate luminosities (from two sources),reddening values and chemical abundances from calibrations of thephotometric parameters. Less than one percent of the objects arepeculiar in the sense that the flux distribution is abnormal. Thepeculiarity is signaled by strong CH (and Ba II) and weak CH. The CH+stars are all spectroscopic binaries, probably with white dwarfcompanions, whereas the CH- stars are not. A broad absorption band,centered near 3500 A, is found in the CH+ stars whereas the CH- objectshave a broad emission feature in the same region. The intensity of theseabsorptions and emissions are independent of the intensity of abnormalspectral features. Ten percent of the old disk sample have a heavyelement abundance from one and a half to three times the solar value.The distribution of the heavy element abundances is nearly a normal onewith a peak near solar abundance and ranges three times to one sixthsolar. The distribution of the (U, V) velocities is independent of theheavy element abundance and does not appear to be random. Ten percent ofthe old disk stars show a CN anomaly, equally divided between CN strongand CN weak. Several stars of individual astrometric or astrophysicalimportance are isolated.
| A catalog of chromospherically active binary stars (second edition)
The catalog contains 206 spectroscopic binary systems with at least onelate-type component that shows Ca II H and K emission in its spectrum.These systems include the classical RS CVn binaries and BY Dra binaries.The catalog summarizes information on the photometric, spectroscopic,orbital, and physical properties of the systems as well as space motionsand positions. Up to 42 'parameters' for each stellar system are listedfollowed by the appropriate reference to direct interested colleagues tothe original papers. A comprehensive selection of further informationfor each star is given in the individual notes. In addition, the catalogcontains a candidate list of 138 stars that have similar characteristicsbut are not definitely known binaries or have not had Ca II H and Kemission observed.
| Investigating the spectroscopic signatures of stellar flares
The question of simultaneous broadband photometry and medium resolutionspectroscopy can provide new constraints for modeling stellar flares isaddressed. The spectral features of flares on AD Leonis, ProximaCentauri, YZ Canis Minoris, and UV Ceti are examined. It is shown thatduring the impulsive phase, Balmer line fluxes correlate with the whitelight flux over orders of magnitude. A clear trend is observed for theFWHM to increase with white light intensity. The investigation of thebroadening mechanisms of the CaII K, Balmer series, and HeI 4026 Adiffuse triplet lines shows that the flare is made up of severalcomponents with quite different electron densities, from 10 exp 11/cu cmto 10 exp 17/cu cm or more. It is inferred that backwarming and/orparticle beams penetrate down to the photosphere. It is shown thatelectrons in the MeV energy range are likely to be produced in stellarcoronae. The atmospheric temperature rise due to direct beam heating iscomputed, and constraints on the beam column density are inferred.
| Lithium observations for two extremely active giant stars
We report lithium 6707.81 A line observations for two extremely activeevolved stars: HD 218153 and HD 223460. The results show no sign ofsignificant LiI features and consequently no evidence that rotationinhibits lithium depletion in these two rapidly rotating giant stars.
| An extremely active giant star : HD 218153.
Not Available
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